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<div class="section" id="sqlalchemy-core">
<span id="core-toplevel"></span><h1>SQLAlchemy Core<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy-core" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The breadth of SQLAlchemy’s SQL rendering engine, DBAPI integration,
transaction integration, and schema description services are documented here.
In contrast to the ORM’s domain-centric mode of usage, the SQL Expression
Language provides a schema-centric usage paradigm.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#version-check">Version Check</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#define-and-create-tables">Define and Create Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#insert-expressions">Insert Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#executing">Executing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#executing-multiple-statements">Executing Multiple Statements</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#selecting">Selecting</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#operators">Operators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#operator-customization">Operator Customization</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#conjunctions">Conjunctions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-text">Using Text</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-aliases">Using Aliases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-joins">Using Joins</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#everything-else">Everything Else</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#bind-parameter-objects">Bind Parameter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#window-functions">Window Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#unions-and-other-set-operations">Unions and Other Set Operations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#scalar-selects">Scalar Selects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#correlated-subqueries">Correlated Subqueries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#ordering-grouping-limiting-offset-ing">Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset...ing...</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#inserts-updates-and-deletes">Inserts, Updates and Deletes</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#multiple-table-updates">Multiple Table Updates</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#further-reference">Further Reference</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html">SQL Statements and Expressions API</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html#classes">Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html#generic-functions">Generic Functions</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html">Engine Configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#supported-databases">Supported Databases</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#engine-creation-api">Engine Creation API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#database-urls">Database Urls</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#postgresql">Postgresql</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#configuring-logging">Configuring Logging</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#using-transactions">Using Transactions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#nesting-of-transaction-blocks">Nesting of Transaction Blocks</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#understanding-autocommit">Understanding Autocommit</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#connectionless-execution-implicit-execution">Connectionless Execution, Implicit Execution</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#using-the-threadlocal-execution-strategy">Using the Threadlocal Execution Strategy</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#registering-new-dialects">Registering New Dialects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#registering-dialects-in-process">Registering Dialects In-Process</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#connection-engine-api">Connection / Engine API</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html">Connection Pooling</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#connection-pool-configuration">Connection Pool Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#switching-pool-implementations">Switching Pool Implementations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#using-a-custom-connection-function">Using a Custom Connection Function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#constructing-a-pool">Constructing a Pool</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#pool-events">Pool Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#dealing-with-disconnects">Dealing with Disconnects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#disconnect-handling-optimistic">Disconnect Handling - Optimistic</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#disconnect-handling-pessimistic">Disconnect Handling - Pessimistic</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#api-documentation-available-pool-implementations">API Documentation - Available Pool Implementations</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html">Schema Definition Language</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#describing-databases-with-metadata">Describing Databases with MetaData</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#accessing-tables-and-columns">Accessing Tables and Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#creating-and-dropping-database-tables">Creating and Dropping Database Tables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#altering-schemas-through-migrations">Altering Schemas through Migrations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#specifying-the-schema-name">Specifying the Schema Name</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#backend-specific-options">Backend-Specific Options</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#column-table-metadata-api">Column, Table, MetaData API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#reflecting-database-objects">Reflecting Database Objects</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#overriding-reflected-columns">Overriding Reflected Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#reflecting-views">Reflecting Views</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#reflecting-all-tables-at-once">Reflecting All Tables at Once</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#fine-grained-reflection-with-inspector">Fine Grained Reflection with Inspector</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#column-insert-update-defaults">Column Insert/Update Defaults</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#scalar-defaults">Scalar Defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#python-executed-functions">Python-Executed Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#sql-expressions">SQL Expressions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#server-side-defaults">Server Side Defaults</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#triggered-columns">Triggered Columns</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#defining-sequences">Defining Sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#default-objects-api">Default Objects API</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#defining-constraints-and-indexes">Defining Constraints and Indexes</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#defining-foreign-keys">Defining Foreign Keys</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#unique-constraint">UNIQUE Constraint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#check-constraint">CHECK Constraint</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#setting-up-constraints-when-using-the-declarative-orm-extension">Setting up Constraints when using the Declarative ORM Extension</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#constraints-api">Constraints API</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#indexes">Indexes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#index-api">Index API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#customizing-ddl">Customizing DDL</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#controlling-ddl-sequences">Controlling DDL Sequences</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#custom-ddl">Custom DDL</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#ddl-expression-constructs-api">DDL Expression Constructs API</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">Column and Data Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#generic-types">Generic Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#sql-standard-types">SQL Standard Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#vendor-specific-types">Vendor-Specific Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#custom-types">Custom Types</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#overriding-type-compilation">Overriding Type Compilation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#augmenting-existing-types">Augmenting Existing Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#typedecorator-recipes">TypeDecorator Recipes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#replacing-the-bind-result-processing-of-existing-types">Replacing the Bind/Result Processing of Existing Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#applying-sql-level-bind-result-processing">Applying SQL-level Bind/Result Processing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#redefining-and-creating-new-operators">Redefining and Creating New Operators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#creating-new-types">Creating New Types</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#base-type-api">Base Type API</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html">Events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#event-registration">Event Registration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#targets">Targets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="event.html#modifiers">Modifiers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html">Core Events</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html#connection-pool-events">Connection Pool Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html#sql-execution-and-connection-events">SQL Execution and Connection Events</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="events.html#schema-events">Schema Events</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html">Custom SQL Constructs and Compilation Extension</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#synopsis">Synopsis</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#compiling-sub-elements-of-a-custom-expression-construct">Compiling sub-elements of a custom expression construct</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#cross-compiling-between-sql-and-ddl-compilers">Cross Compiling between SQL and DDL compilers</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#enabling-autocommit-on-a-construct">Enabling Autocommit on a Construct</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#changing-compilation-of-types">Changing Compilation of Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#subclassing-guidelines">Subclassing Guidelines</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#further-examples">Further Examples</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#utc-timestamp-function">&#8220;UTC timestamp&#8221; function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#greatest-function">&#8220;GREATEST&#8221; function</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#false-expression">&#8220;false&#8221; expression</a></li>
</ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspection.html#available-inspection-targets">Available Inspection Targets</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="serializer.html">Expression Serializer Extension</a></li>
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